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1) KING LEOPOLD II
Belgium (1886-1908)
Regime Colonial empire in Congo
Victims Eight million enslaved Congolese
2) HIDEKI TOJO
Japan (1941-45)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims Five million (Japan’s victims in World War II)
3) ISMAIL ENVER PASHA
Ottoman Turkey (1915-20)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims Two million (Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians)
4) POL POT
Cambodia (1975-79)
Regime Communist (Khmer Rouge)
Victims At least 1.7 million (political opponents)
5) KIM ILSUNG
North Korea (1948-94)
Regime Communist
Victims At least 1.6 million (political opponents/civilians through famine)
6) MENGISTU HAILE MARIAM
Ethiopia (1974-78)
Regime Communist military dictatorship
Victims 1.5 million (Eritreans/political opponents)
7) YAKUBU GOWON
Nigeria (1967-70)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims One million (Biafrans starved and soldiers killed in civil war)
8) JEAN KAMBANDA
Rwanda (1994)
Regime Tribal dictatorship (Hutu)
Victims 800,000 (Tutsis)
9) SADDAM HUSSEIN
Iraq (1979-2003)
Regime Ba’ath Party dictatorship
Victims 600,000 (Shi’ites, Kurds, Kuwaitis, political opponents)
10) JOSIP BROZ TITO
Yugoslavia (1945-80)
Regime Communist
Victims 570,000 (political opponents)
11) SUKARNO
Indonesia (1945-66)
Regime Nationalist dictatorship
Victims 500,000 (Communists)
12) MULLAH OMAR
Afghanistan (1996-2001)
Regime Islamist dictatorship (Taliban)
Victims 400,000 (political/religious opponents)
13) IDI AMIN
Uganda (1971-79)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 300,000-500,000 (political/personal opponents)
14) GENERAL YAHYA KHAN
Pakistan (1970-71)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims 300,000 (Bengalis in East Pakistan)
15) BENITO MUSSOLINI
Italy (1922-45)
Regime Fascist dictatorship
Victims 250,000 (Ethiopians, Libyans, Jews, political opponents)
16) GENERAL MOBUTU SESE SEKO
Zaire/Congo (1965-97)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 230,000 (political opponents)
17) CHARLES TAYLOR
Liberia (1989-96)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 220,000 (political/military opponents and civilians)
18) FODAY SANKOH
Sierra Leone (1991-2000)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 210,000 (political opponents)
19) HO CHI MINH
North Vietnam (1945-69)
Regime Communist
Victims 200,000 (political opponents, South Vietnamese)
20) MICHEL MICOMBERO
Burundi (1966-76)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 150,000 (Hutus)
21) HASSAN ALTURABI
Sudan (1989-99)
Regime Islamist dictatorship
Victims 100,000 (political/religious opponents)
22) JEAN-BEDEL BOKASSA
Central African Republic/Empire (1966-79)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 90,000 (political opponents)
23) EFRAIN RIOS MONTT
Guatemala (1982-83)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims 70,000 (peasants, political opponents)
24) FRANCOIS/ JEANCLAUDE DUVALIER
Haiti (‘Papa Doc’ 1957-71; ‘Baby Doc’ 1971-86)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 60,000 (political opponents
25) RAFAEL TRUJILLO
Dominican Republic (1930-61)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 50,000 (political opponents)
26) HISSENE HABRE
Chad (1982-90)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims 40,000 (political opponents)
27) GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO
Spain (1939-75)
Regime Fascist/military dictatorship
Victims 35,000 (political opponents
28) FIDEL CASTRO
Cuba (1959-2006)
Regime Communist
Victims 30,000 (political opponents)
29) HAFEZ/ BASHAR ALASSAD
Syria (Hafez 1970- 2000; Bashar 2000-)
Regime Ba’ath Party dictatorship
Victims 25,000- 30,000 (political/ sectarian opponents
30) AYATOLLAH RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI
Iran (1979-1989)
Regime Islamist dictatorship
Victims 20,000 (political/religious opponents)
31) ROBERT MUGABE
Zimbabwe (1982-)
Regime Personal dictatorship
Victims 15,000 (political/tribal opponents)
32) GENERAL JORGE VIDELA
Argentina (1976-83)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims 13,000 (left-wing political opponents)
33) GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET
Chile (1973-90)
Regime Military dictatorship
Victims 3,000 (political opponents)
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